Adaptation means changing how we live, work, and plan so we can stay safer as the climate changes. It focuses on reducing harm from heat, floods, droughts, and other impacts that are already happening or expected soon. This can include things like heat action plans, better drainage, stronger buildings, or using crops that need less water. It is about preparing and adjusting, not just preventing climate change.

The adaptation gap is the difference between how much climate preparation is needed and how much is actually being done. It shows where people and places are still not ready for climate impacts like heat, floods, or droughts. The gap can be about money, planning, or action. A large adaptation gap means higher risk and damage.

Adaptive capacity means how well people, communities, or systems can adjust to climate changes and cope with damage. It depends on things like resources, knowledge, planning, and strong services. Places with better health care, early warning systems, and savings usually have higher adaptive capacity. Higher adaptive capacity means faster and safer recovery after climate shocks.

An aerosol is a very tiny particle or droplet floating in the air. It can come from dust, smoke, pollution, sea spray, or spray cans. Some aerosols can cool the air by reflecting sunlight, while others can warm it by trapping heat. They also play a role in forming clouds. Aerosols can affect both climate and human health.

Afforestation is planting trees on land that has not been a forest for a long time. It’s about creating new tree cover where forests didn’t recently exist. It is beneficial as it can help reduce dust and pollution. It helps soils gaining strength menawhile provides tree shades. It also helps nature to maintain consistent weather. With the help of afforestation forests help in reducing emissions ( gases released by human activities such as cooking, transport and consumption of electricity).

Air pollution is harmful substances in the air such as smoke, tiny particles, and gases that make people sick. It comes from vehicles, coal burning, factories, solid-fuel cooking, and burning waste/crop residue. It connects to climate because many sources that pollute air also release GHGs (gases that warm Earth), but they are not the same issue. Breathing polluted air can cause cough, breathing trouble, and other health problems. It also harms plants, animals, and the environment.

Air quality describes how clean or polluted the air is. When air quality is “good,” the air has low levels of harmful pollutants. When it is “poor,” pollutants are high enough to harm health, especially for children, older adults, pregnant people, and anyone with breathing or heart conditions.

Many places use an Air Quality Index (AQI) to communicate this in simple categories. Air quality can change daily due to weather conditions, emissions, and events like wildfires. While climate change is long-term and air quality can be day-to-day, they connect: hotter temperatures can worsen some air pollution, and wildfires can make air quality dangerous far from the fire.

Anthropogenic means “caused by humans.” In climate talks, it is used for changes that happen because of human actions like burning coal, oil, and gas, cutting forests, and some farming and industry practices. Scientists use this word to separate human-caused changes from natural ones like volcanic eruptions. When warming is called anthropogenic, it means human activity is the main reason behind it. It also reminds us that people can take action to reduce the problem. Not all countries and communities have caused the same level of damage, so fairness is important in these discussions.

Aridification is the long-term drying of land and climate in a region. It happens when an area slowly gets less rainfall and loses more water due to higher heat. Over time, soil becomes drier and water sources shrink. This makes farming and daily life harder for people and animals. Climate change is increasing aridification in many parts of the world. It is different from a short dry period because it lasts for many years.

Article 6 is a section of the Paris Agreement that explains how countries can work together to reduce climate pollution. It allows countries to support climate projects in other countries and share the results. For example, one country may help fund a clean energy project in another country. But the same pollution cut cannot be counted by both countries. Clear rules are needed so there is no double counting. This helps keep climate reporting honest and fair.

The atmosphere is the blanket of air that surrounds the Earth. It contains gases like oxygen and nitrogen that living things need to survive. The atmosphere also helps control the planet’s temperature by holding some of the sun’s heat. Weather like rain, wind, and clouds form in the atmosphere. Pollution and greenhouse gases collect there and affect the climate. Without the atmosphere, life on Earth would not be possible.

Avoided emissions are pollution that did not happen because a cleaner choice was made. It means greenhouse gases were prevented instead of released. For example, using solar power instead of burning coal avoids emissions. Saving electricity and using public transport can also lead to avoided emissions. The idea focuses on stopping pollution before it starts. It is different from removing pollution after it is already in the air.

A benefit corporation, or B-Corp, is a company that aims to earn money and also create social and environmental good. These businesses are expected to think about people and the planet, not just profit. They follow certain standards for transparency and responsibility. Their impact on workers, communities, and the environment is checked regularly. The idea is to support businesses that do good along with doing business. It helps customers identify more responsible companies.

Biodiversity means the variety of living things on Earth. It includes different plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. It also covers the different ecosystems where they live, like forests, oceans, and grasslands. High biodiversity helps nature stay balanced and healthy. It supports food, clean water, and clean air for people. Climate change and pollution can reduce biodiversity.

Biodiversity loss means a decrease in the number and variety of living things in an area or on Earth. It happens when plants and animals disappear because of habitat damage, pollution, climate change, or overuse of resources. When biodiversity is lost, ecosystems become weaker and less stable. This can affect food, water, and livelihoods for people. It also reduces nature’s ability to recover from shocks. Protecting habitats helps slow biodiversity loss.

Bioenergy is energy that comes from plant and animal materials. Examples include wood, crop leftovers, and animal waste. These materials can be burned or processed to produce heat, electricity, or fuel. Since plants and animals can be grown again, bioenergy is often seen as a renewable source. It should be used carefully so it does not damage forests or reduce food crops. When managed well, it can replace some fossil fuels.

Biofuel is a fuel made from plants or plant-based materials. It can be produced from crops like corn, sugarcane, or used cooking oil. Biofuels are used in vehicles and machines instead of petrol or diesel. They are often called renewable because the source plants can be grown again. But growing crops for biofuel must be managed carefully so it does not affect food supply or land use. Different types of biofuels have different climate impacts.

Black carbon is a fine black particle that comes from burning fuel, wood, or waste. It is a major part of soot and smoke. It is released from sources like diesel engines, cookstoves, and open fires. Black carbon warms the climate by absorbing heat from sunlight. It can also harm human health when people breathe it in. Reducing black carbon can quickly improve air quality and reduce warming.

Blended finance means using public and private money together to fund useful projects. Public money (like government or foundation funds) is used to reduce risk and attract private investors. This helps more money flow into projects that support climate, development, or social needs. It is often used for clean energy, water, and infrastructure projects. The goal is to make important projects easier to fund. It also helps bring in larger total investment.

Blue carbon is the carbon stored in coastal and ocean ecosystems. It is mainly held in places like mangrove forests, sea grasses, and salt marshes. These natural areas capture and store carbon from the air in plants and soil. Protecting them helps slow climate change. They also support fish, protect coastlines, and reduce storm damage. When these areas are destroyed, the stored carbon is released back into the air.

Business-as-usual, or BAU, means continuing activities the same way without making new changes. In climate talks, it describes a future where no strong climate actions are taken. Energy use, pollution, and emissions keep growing as they have in the past. BAU is often used as a comparison to show what could happen if we do nothing different. It helps people understand the value of climate action. Many climate plans aim to improve outcomes compared to BAU.

Cap-and-trade is a system used to limit how much pollution companies can produce. The government sets a total limit (cap) on emissions and gives or sells permits to companies. Companies that pollute less can sell their unused permits to others. Companies that pollute more must buy extra permits or reduce their emissions. This creates a financial reason to cut pollution. It is also called an Emissions Trading System, or ETS.

Carbon is a basic element found in all living things, including plants, animals, and people. It is also found in fuels like coal, oil, and gas. When these fuels are burned, carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide. Carbon moves through the air, water, soil, and living things in a natural cycle. Too much carbon dioxide in the air leads to global warming. Managing carbon is a key part of climate action.

Carbon accounting is the process of measuring how much greenhouse gas pollution is produced or reduced by a company, project, or country. It tracks emissions from activities like energy use, travel, and manufacturing. It also records any steps taken to lower or balance these emissions. Clear carbon accounting helps people compare impact and set reduction goals. It is important for climate reporting and planning. Good carbon accounting improves honesty and transparency.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, or CBAM, is a rule that adds a carbon price to some goods imported from other countries. It is meant to match the climate rules that local producers already follow. This prevents companies from moving production to places with weaker climate rules. It also encourages cleaner manufacturing around the world. Importers must report and pay for the emissions linked to certain products. The goal is fair competition and lower global emissions.

A carbon budget is the total amount of carbon dioxide that can still be released into the air while keeping global warming within a chosen limit. Scientists estimate this number to guide climate action. If emissions go beyond the carbon budget, temperature rise will likely be higher. The budget gets smaller as more emissions are released each year. It helps countries plan how fast they need to cut pollution. Staying within the carbon budget lowers climate risk.

Carbon capture and storage, or CCS, is a method that collects carbon dioxide from factories or power plants before it reaches the air. The captured carbon dioxide is then transported and stored deep underground. This helps reduce the amount of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere. CCS is mainly used in heavy industries where cutting emissions is harder. It does not replace clean energy but can support emission reduction. Projects must be monitored to make sure the stored carbon stays contained.

Carbon capture, utilisation and storage, or CCUS, is a method that captures carbon dioxide before it goes into the air. The captured carbon can either be stored deep underground or used to make other products like fuels or building materials. This helps lower the amount of greenhouse gas released from factories and power plants. CCUS is often used in industries where emissions are hard to avoid. It works best along with clean energy and energy saving. Careful checks are needed to make sure the carbon stays safely stored or properly used.

A carbon credit is a certificate that shows one unit of carbon dioxide has been reduced or removed from the air. It is usually equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide. These credits can be bought and sold in carbon markets. Companies or individuals buy carbon credits to balance some of their own emissions. The credits come from projects like tree planting or clean energy. Good rules are needed so each carbon credit is real and counted only once.

Carbon credit retirement means a carbon credit is taken out of the market after it is used. Once retired, it cannot be sold or used again. This shows that the emission reduction has been officially claimed. Retirement prevents double use of the same credit. It is an important step for honesty in carbon markets. Public records usually track when a credit is retired.

The carbon cycle is the natural movement of carbon between the air, land, water, and living things. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air, and animals return carbon through breathing and waste. Carbon also moves through the oceans and soil. Burning fuels and cutting forests add extra carbon to the air. This can disturb the carbon cycle and warm the climate. Keeping the cycle balanced is important for a stable planet.

Carbon dioxide, or CO₂, is a gas in the air. It is released when we burn fuels like coal, oil, and gas, and also when people and animals breathe out. Plants use carbon dioxide to grow. Too much CO₂ in the air traps extra heat and leads to global warming. It is the main greenhouse gas caused by human activity. Cutting CO₂ emissions is a key part of climate action.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released because of a person, product, event, or organization. It includes emissions from things like electricity use, travel, food, and shopping. A larger carbon footprint means more impact on the climate. It can be measured for daily activities or full businesses. People and companies try to lower their carbon footprint by saving energy and choosing cleaner options. It is a simple way to understand climate impact.

Carbon insetting means reducing emissions within a company’s own supply chain or operations. Instead of buying credits from outside projects, the company supports climate actions linked to its own products or partners. This can include helping farmers use cleaner methods or improving energy use in production. Insetting lowers emissions closer to where they are created. It can also bring social and environmental benefits to local partners. It focuses on fixing impact from within.

A Carbon Integrity Claim is a public statement a company makes about its use of carbon credits, based on clear quality rules. These rules are set by the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative. The claim shows that the company has measured its emissions, reduced what it can, and used good-quality credits for the rest. It is meant to prevent false or weak climate claims. It also helps buyers and the public trust what companies say. The focus is on honesty and strong standards.

Carbon intensity means how much carbon dioxide is released to produce a unit of energy or a product. It shows how polluting an activity is compared to its output. For example, electricity from coal has higher carbon intensity than electricity from solar or wind. Lower carbon intensity means less climate impact for the same amount of energy or goods. It is used to compare fuels, industries, and technologies. Reducing carbon intensity is an important climate goal.

Carbon neutrality means adding no net carbon dioxide to the air. This happens when the amount of emissions released is equal to the amount reduced or removed. Groups can reach carbon neutrality by cutting their emissions and balancing the rest through actions like tree planting or carbon credits. It does not always mean zero emissions, but net zero impact from carbon dioxide. Clear measurement and reporting are important for true carbon neutrality. Many organizations set carbon neutrality targets.

A carbon offset is a way to balance emissions by supporting a project that reduces or removes greenhouse gases somewhere else. These projects can include tree planting, clean energy, or improved cookstoves. One offset usually equals one tonne of carbon dioxide reduced or removed. People or companies buy offsets to balance some of their own emissions. Offsets work best when emissions are reduced first and offsets are used for the rest. Good quality checks are important so offsets are real and counted only once.

A carbon price is a cost set on carbon pollution. It makes companies pay for the greenhouse gases they release into the air. This creates a money reason to reduce emissions and choose cleaner options. Governments can set a carbon price through a tax or a trading system. A higher carbon price usually pushes faster pollution cuts. It is a policy tool used to guide climate action.

Carbon pricing is a system where governments put a cost on carbon pollution. It makes releasing greenhouse gases more expensive. This encourages companies and users to choose cleaner energy and low-pollution options. Carbon pricing can be done through a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system. The goal is to reduce emissions by using price signals. It is a common climate policy tool.

Carbon sequestration means capturing carbon dioxide and storing it so it does not stay in the air. This can happen naturally when trees, plants, and soil absorb carbon. It can also be done using technology that stores carbon deep underground. Carbon sequestration helps slow climate change. Forests and healthy soils are important for natural carbon storage. Protecting and growing green areas supports carbon sequestration.

A carbon sink is a natural or man-made place that absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases. Forests, oceans, and soils are major carbon sinks. They help lower the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Healthy carbon sinks slow down climate change. When these areas are damaged, they can store less carbon. Protecting them is important for climate balance.

Carbon storage means keeping carbon dioxide locked away so it does not stay in the air. This can happen naturally in forests, soil, and oceans. It can also happen through technology that stores carbon deep underground. Carbon storage helps reduce the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. Protecting natural areas helps keep carbon safely stored. Long-term storage is important for slowing climate change.

A carbon tax is a fee charged on fuels or activities that release carbon dioxide. It makes polluting more expensive and cleaner choices more affordable. Governments use a carbon tax to encourage lower emissions. The money collected can be used for public services or climate action. A higher tax usually leads to lower pollution. It is one way to support climate-friendly behavior.

Carbon trading is a system where the right to pollute is bought and sold. Governments set a limit on total emissions and give or sell permits to companies. Companies that pollute less can sell extra permits to others. This creates a market that rewards lower pollution. Carbon trading helps reduce emissions at lower cost. It is often part of climate policy.

A circular economy is a system where materials are used again and again instead of being thrown away. Products are designed to last longer, be repaired, or be reused. Waste is reduced by recycling and sharing resources. This helps save energy and natural resources. A circular economy also lowers pollution and emissions. It is different from a “use and throw” approach.

The Clean Development Mechanism, or CDM, was a system that helped reduce emissions in developing countries. It allowed projects like clean energy or energy saving to earn carbon credits. These credits could be used by richer countries to meet their climate targets. The idea was to support clean development while cutting pollution. CDM was part of the Kyoto Protocol. It helped fund many early climate projects.

Climate anxiety is the feeling of worry, fear, or stress about climate change and its effects. People may feel anxious about the future of the planet, their health, or the safety of loved ones. It is especially common among young people. Climate anxiety can show up as sadness, anger, or helplessness. Talking about these feelings and taking action can help manage them. It shows how deeply climate change affects mental well-being.

Climate displacement happens when people are forced to leave their homes because of climate impacts. These impacts can include floods, droughts, rising sea levels, or extreme heat. Homes, farms, or jobs may become unsafe or impossible to maintain. Climate displacement can be temporary or permanent. It often affects poorer communities the most. Planning and support are needed to protect displaced people.

Climate extremes are very strong or unusual weather events linked to climate change. These include intense heatwaves, heavy rainfall, long droughts, and powerful storms. They happen more often or become more severe as the climate warms. Climate extremes can damage homes, crops, and roads. They also increase risks to health and safety. Preparing for them helps reduce harm.

Climate finance means money used to support action on climate change. It can fund projects that reduce pollution or help people adapt to climate impacts. This money can come from governments, banks, or private investors. Climate finance is especially important for poorer countries that face high climate risks. It supports clean energy, safer infrastructure, and resilience building. Fair access to climate finance is a key global issue.

Climate justice means dealing with climate change in a fair and equal way. It recognises that some people and countries have caused more pollution than others. At the same time, poorer and marginalised communities often face the worst climate impacts. Climate justice calls for shared responsibility and support for those most affected. It links climate action with human rights and fairness. The goal is solutions that do not leave anyone behind.

Climate litigation means using the legal system to address climate change. It includes court cases where people, groups, or governments take action against companies or authorities. These cases may demand lower pollution, better climate policies, or protection from climate harm. Climate litigation is used to hold decision-makers accountable. It has increased as climate impacts become more visible. Courts are becoming an important space for climate action.

Climate mobility refers to people moving because of climate-related changes. This movement can be within a country or across borders. People may move because floods, droughts, heat, or sea level rise affect their homes or jobs. Climate mobility can be planned or forced. It includes both temporary and long-term movement. Good planning can help make climate mobility safer and fairer.

Climate neutrality means having no net impact on the climate. This includes balancing not just carbon dioxide but all greenhouse gases. It is reached by reducing emissions as much as possible and balancing the rest. Climate neutrality looks at the full effect on global warming. It goes beyond only carbon and covers wider climate impacts. Many countries aim to reach climate neutrality in the future.

This refers to the chance of harm caused by climate change. It includes dangers from heat, floods, droughts, storms, and rising seas. Climate risk depends on how strong the impact is and how prepared people are. Poor planning and weak services increase climate risk. Reducing risk means cutting pollution and helping communities prepare. Understanding climate risk helps in better decision-making.

This means planning and taking steps to reduce harm from climate change. It includes understanding risks like floods or heat and preparing for them in advance. Actions can include early warning systems, safer buildings, and emergency plans. Climate risk management also involves reducing future risks by cutting pollution. It helps protect lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Good planning makes communities more resilient.

This describes how much the Earth’s temperature changes when carbon dioxide levels increase. It helps scientists understand how strongly the climate reacts to extra greenhouse gases. Higher sensitivity means the planet warms more for the same rise in emissions. Scientists study past climate and models to estimate it. Knowing this helps predict future warming. It guides how fast emissions need to be reduced.

These are tools and information that help people understand and respond to climate conditions. They include weather forecasts, climate data, and early warnings for events like floods or heatwaves. Farmers, cities, and health workers use climate services to plan better. They help reduce damage and save lives. Climate services turn climate science into useful guidance. Good access makes communities safer.

This means a point where small climate changes can lead to very large and lasting effects. After a tipping point is crossed, changes may become hard or impossible to reverse. Examples include melting ice sheets or dying forests. These shifts can speed up climate change. Scientists warn that crossing tipping points increases serious risks. Avoiding them is a key reason to act early.

This refers to the risk of losses that come from the shift to a low-pollution economy. Changes in laws, technology, or market demand can affect jobs, companies, and investments. For example, stricter climate rules can make polluting activities more expensive. Businesses that do not adapt may face financial trouble. Planning early can reduce climate transition risk. It mainly affects how economies and systems change, not physical weather damage.

This refers to natural changes in weather patterns over time. Temperatures, rainfall, and winds can vary from year to year or season to season. Climate variability happens even without human influence. It is different from long-term climate change. Understanding it helps explain why some years are hotter or wetter than others. Climate change can increase these ups and downs.

This describes how likely people or places are to be harmed by climate change. It depends on exposure to risks like heat or floods and the ability to cope with them. Poor housing, low income, and weak services increase vulnerability. Children, elderly people, and marginalised groups are often more vulnerable. Reducing vulnerability means improving safety, services, and support systems. It helps communities handle climate impacts better.

These are development choices that help people stay safe as the climate changes. They combine climate action with growth, health, and well-being. The idea is to reduce climate risks while improving lives at the same time. This includes planning cities, energy, food, and water systems to handle future climate impacts. Such pathways focus on long-term safety and fairness. They help avoid choices that increase future harm.

This refers to farming methods that work better in a changing climate. The aim is to grow food while using less water, energy, and land. These practices also help farmers deal with heat, drought, and floods. Climate-smart agriculture can lower pollution from farming. It supports stable food supply and farmer incomes. Careful planning helps farmers adapt and protect the environment.

This means taking carbon dioxide out of the air and storing it so it does not cause warming. It can happen naturally through trees, plants, and soil. It can also be done using machines that capture carbon from the air. CO? removal is used to deal with emissions that are hard to avoid. It does not replace cutting emissions but supports climate action. Long-term storage is important so the carbon stays out of the air.

This happens when sea water flows onto land near the coast. It can be caused by storms, high tides, or rising sea levels. Coastal flooding can damage homes, roads, and farms. It also affects fishing and drinking water. Climate change is making coastal flooding more frequent and severe. Good planning can reduce the damage.

This principle says that all countries share responsibility for tackling climate change. At the same time, it recognises that countries are not equally responsible for causing the problem. Richer countries have released more pollution in the past and usually have more money and technology. Because of this, they are expected to take bigger action and support poorer countries. CBDR-RC helps guide fair climate rules and cooperation. It is a key idea in global climate agreements.

These are situations where two or more climate events happen together or one after another. When combined, they cause more damage than each event would on its own. For example, heavy rain after a long drought can lead to severe flooding. Heatwaves and power cuts happening together are also compound events. Climate change is increasing the chances of such events. They make planning and response more challenging.

This happens when corals lose their bright colours and turn white. It occurs when ocean water becomes too warm or polluted. Corals push out the tiny organisms that help them survive. Without these, corals become weak and may die. Coral bleaching harms fish and marine life that depend on reefs. Climate change is making coral bleaching more common.

These are basic quality rules for carbon credits. They help make sure carbon credits are real, reliable, and not counted more than once. The principles focus on things like clear rules, honest reporting, and real climate benefits. They are meant to build trust in carbon markets. Projects that follow these rules are seen as higher quality. The CCPs were developed by the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market

This refers to all the parts of the Earth that are frozen. It includes ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, snow, and frozen ground. These frozen areas help keep the planet cool by reflecting sunlight. When the cryosphere melts, sea levels rise and temperatures increase. Climate change is causing the cryosphere to shrink. Its loss affects water supply and weather patterns.

This means reducing the amount of carbon pollution released into the air. It involves moving away from fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Using clean energy, saving energy, and changing how goods are produced all support decarbonization. It is a key step in slowing climate change. Governments, companies, and individuals all play a role. Faster decarbonization lowers climate risks.

This happens when large areas of forest are cut down or cleared. Trees are often removed for farming, mining, or building roads and cities. Forest loss releases carbon into the air and reduces nature’s ability to absorb it. Deforestation also harms wildlife and local communities. It increases the risk of floods and heat. Protecting forests helps fight climate change.

This is the process where fertile land slowly turns dry and less productive. It often happens because of drought, deforestation, and poor land use. Soil loses its ability to support plants and crops. Desertification makes farming and living harder for communities. Climate change is increasing this problem in many regions. Preventing it requires better land and water management.

This refers to actions taken to reduce damage from natural disasters. It includes planning, early warnings, safer buildings, and community training. DRR focuses on reducing risk before disasters happen, not just responding after. It helps save lives, homes, and livelihoods. Climate change makes disaster risk reduction even more important. Strong DRR systems improve safety and resilience.

This means openly sharing information about climate impacts and emissions. Companies or governments report how climate change affects their work and what risks they face. It can include details about pollution levels, future risks, and action plans. Climate-related disclosure helps investors, citizens, and policymakers make informed decisions. Clear disclosure improves transparency and accountability. Many rules now encourage or require such reporting.

These are small energy sources that are located close to where electricity is used. They include rooftop solar panels, small wind systems, batteries, and local generators. Instead of one big power plant, energy is produced in many smaller places. This can make electricity supply more reliable. It also helps reduce power cuts and energy loss. DER can support cleaner and more flexible energy systems.

Drought is a period when there is much less water than normal often from low rainfall and high evaporation. It can affect soil moisture, rivers, crops, and drinking water.

Drought is not limited to scenarios of “no rain” or "Dryness of land" ; it is when water shortage becomes severe enough to cause stress and harm. Drought can last weeks, months, or longer, and different types exist (meteorological, agricultural, hydrological).

These are fuels made using electricity instead of oil or gas. Clean electricity is used to create fuel from water and carbon dioxide. E-fuels can be used in planes, ships, and heavy transport. They are seen as useful where electric batteries are hard to use. Their climate benefit depends on using clean electricity. Making them currently needs a lot of energy.

This is a system that gives people advance notice about dangerous events. It can warn about floods, storms, heatwaves, or droughts. Early warnings help people take action to stay safe. They can include alerts on phones, radio messages, or sirens. Early warning systems save lives and reduce damage. They are an important part of climate preparedness.

These are the benefits people get from nature. They include clean air, clean water, food, and protection from floods and heat. Forests, rivers, oceans, and soils all provide ecosystem services. These services support health, livelihoods, and the economy. When nature is damaged, these benefits are reduced. Protecting ecosystems helps keep these services available.

This means replacing fuels like coal, oil, or gas with electricity for daily use. It includes using electric vehicles, electric cooking, and electric heating. When electricity comes from clean sources, electrification reduces pollution. It can also improve efficiency and air quality. Electrification is a key part of cutting emissions. Reliable power systems are needed to support it.

This refers to the carbon pollution released while making and transporting materials. It includes emissions from producing cement, steel, bricks, and other building materials. These emissions happen before a building or product is even used. Embodied carbon is often hidden and easy to miss. Reducing it means using fewer materials or choosing low-carbon options. It is especially important in construction.

This is a value used to estimate how much pollution is released from an activity. It links an action, like using electricity or fuel, to the amount of emissions it creates. Emission factors help calculate total emissions. They are based on average data from similar activities. Governments and companies use them in climate reporting. Clear factors make estimates more reliable.

This refers to gases and particles released into the air. Emissions come from activities like burning fuel, running factories, and transport. Some emissions trap heat and cause climate change. Others harm health and air quality. Cutting emissions helps protect people and the planet. Many climate actions focus on lowering emissions.

This means having reliable and affordable energy for daily needs. It includes electricity for lighting, cooking, heating, and basic services. Many people still lack safe and steady energy access. Without it, health, education, and livelihoods suffer. Clean energy can improve energy access while reducing pollution. Fair access is an important development goal.

This means using less energy to do the same work. Examples include efficient lights, appliances, and buildings. Better efficiency saves money and reduces pollution. It also lowers the need for new power plants. Energy efficiency is one of the easiest ways to cut emissions. Small changes can make a big difference.

This describes a situation where people cannot afford or access enough energy for basic needs. It can mean unreliable electricity, unsafe cooking fuels, or high energy costs. Energy poverty affects health, education, and quality of life. Many households face this problem, especially in low-income areas. Clean and affordable energy can help reduce energy poverty. Addressing it is important for fairness and development.

This means using less energy while doing the same activities. Switching off unused lights and using efficient appliances helps. Energy savings reduce electricity bills and pollution. They also reduce pressure on power systems. Small actions add up over time.

This refers to the shift from using fossil fuels to cleaner sources of energy. It includes moving toward solar, wind, and other renewable energy. The transition also involves using energy more efficiently and changing how power systems work. The goal is to reduce pollution and slow climate change. A fair energy transition also considers jobs and access for all communities. It is a major part of climate action.

This is a natural climate pattern linked to changes in ocean temperatures and winds in the Pacific Ocean. It affects weather in many parts of the world. During El Niño, ocean waters become warmer than usual. This can bring heavy rain to some regions and drought to others. ENSO events happen every few years and can strongly affect farming and water supply. Climate change may make their effects stronger.
The name El Niño comes from Spanish and means “the little boy,” originally used by fishermen in South America to describe the warming of ocean waters around Christmas.

This is a document that shares the environmental impact of a product. It shows information like energy use, emissions, and resource use across the product’s life. The details are based on standard rules so products can be compared fairly. EPDs are often used in construction and manufacturing. They help buyers make more informed and cleaner choices. Clear data improves transparency.

This is a way to look at how responsible a company is beyond making profit. The environmental part looks at pollution, energy use, and climate impact. The social part focuses on workers, communities, and human rights. Governance looks at leadership, rules, and honesty in decision-making. ESG is often used by investors to judge long-term risk. Strong ESG practices suggest better responsibility and stability.

This means fairness in how support, resources, and responsibilities are shared. It recognises that people start from different situations and have different needs. Equity focuses on giving more help to those who face greater challenges. In climate action, it considers who caused the problem and who is most affected. The goal is fair outcomes, not the same treatment for everyone. Equity is central to climate justice.

This refers to how much people, places, or systems come into contact with climate risks. Living in flood-prone areas or heat-prone cities increases exposure. Higher exposure means a greater chance of harm during climate events. Exposure does not always mean damage will happen, but it raises the risk. Planning and location choices affect exposure levels. Reducing exposure lowers climate risk.

This refers to very heavy rainfall or snowfall over a short period of time. It can lead to floods, landslides, and waterlogging. Extreme precipitation events are becoming more common as the climate warms. They can damage homes, roads, and crops. Cities with poor drainage are especially affected. Better planning can reduce the damage caused.

This is a process where one change leads to another change that then makes the first change stronger or weaker. In climate systems, some feedback loops speed up warming. For example, melting ice reduces reflection of sunlight, which causes more warming and more melting. Other feedback loops can slow changes. Understanding feedback loops helps explain why climate change can accelerate. They are important in climate science.

This is a sudden and fast-moving flood that happens within a short time. It is often caused by very heavy rain over a small area. Flash floods can happen with little warning. They can quickly damage homes, roads, and vehicles. These floods are very dangerous because of their speed and force. Climate change is increasing the risk in some regions.

This is land next to a river that floods naturally. Floodplains store excess water during heavy rain. Building on them increases flood risk. Healthy floodplains reduce damage downstream. Climate change is making flooding more frequent.

This means not having reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food. People facing food insecurity may skip meals or eat less healthy food. It can be caused by poverty, crop failure, conflict, or climate impacts. Droughts and floods can make food insecurity worse. It affects health, growth, and livelihoods. Climate action can help reduce food insecurity.

This happens when forests are damaged but not completely cleared. Trees may be cut, burned, or weakened, reducing the forest’s health. Degraded forests store less carbon and support fewer plants and animals. This can happen due to logging, fires, or pollution. Forest degradation also affects people who depend on forests. Protecting forests helps prevent further damage.

This means slowly stopping the use of coal, oil, and gas. The goal is to replace these fuels with cleaner energy sources like solar and wind. A phase-out happens over time to allow people and systems to adjust. It helps reduce pollution and slow climate change. Planning is needed so jobs and energy access are protected. Many climate plans include a fossil fuel phase-out.

This refers to government support that lowers the cost of coal, oil, or gas. Support can come through cheaper prices, tax breaks, or direct payments. These subsidies make fossil fuels more affordable than clean energy. They can increase pollution and slow climate action. Removing them can encourage cleaner choices. Many climate experts call for ending fossil fuel subsidies.

This means communities must agree before projects affect their land or lives. Consent should be given freely, without pressure or force. People must be informed with clear and full information. The decision should happen before work begins. FPIC is especially important for Indigenous and local communities. It protects rights and supports fair development.

These are emissions that escape by accident rather than being released on purpose. They often leak from pipes, tanks, or equipment during fuel production and transport. Oil and gas systems are a common source. Fugitive emissions can be hard to detect and measure. They add to climate change and air pollution. Fixing leaks can quickly reduce these emissions.

This refers to large-scale ideas meant to change the climate on purpose. Some approaches aim to remove carbon dioxide from the air, while others try to reflect sunlight away from the Earth. These ideas are still being studied and are not widely used. There are concerns about risks, side effects, and fairness. Geoengineering does not replace cutting emissions. Many people argue it should be treated with caution.

This is energy that comes from heat inside the Earth. Hot water or steam from underground is used to produce electricity or heat buildings. It is a clean and steady energy source. Geothermal energy does not depend on sunlight or wind. It produces very little pollution. It works best in areas with strong underground heat.

This is a large, slow-moving mass of ice formed from compacted snow. Glaciers are found in mountains and polar regions. They store fresh water and slowly release it into rivers. Rising temperatures cause glaciers to melt and shrink. This can raise sea levels and affect water supply. Glacier loss is a clear sign of climate change.

This is a measure used to compare how much heat different gases trap in the atmosphere. It shows the warming effect of a gas compared to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is given a value of one. Gases with higher GWP cause more warming over a set time. GWP helps scientists and policymakers compare climate impacts. It is used in climate reporting.

This is a type of loan used to fund projects that help the environment. The money raised is used for things like clean energy, clean transport, or protecting nature. Governments, banks, or companies can issue green bonds. Investors buy them knowing their money supports climate-friendly projects. Green bonds help raise large amounts of money for climate action. Clear rules help ensure the money is used properly.

This is a rule proposed by the European Union to stop false or misleading environmental claims. It aims to make sure companies clearly prove claims like “eco-friendly” or “green.” Products must be backed by real evidence before such claims are used. The directive helps protect consumers from greenwashing. It also creates fair rules for businesses. Clear labels help people make informed choices.

This is an economic system that aims to improve people’s lives while protecting nature. It focuses on clean energy, low pollution, and efficient use of resources. Jobs and growth are created without harming the environment. A green economy also supports fairness and long-term well-being. It helps reduce climate and environmental risks. Many countries are working toward this shift.

This refers to gases in the air that trap heat from the sun. They act like a blanket around the Earth, keeping it warm. Common greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Too many of these gases cause the planet to heat up more than it should. This leads to global warming and climate change. Reducing these gases is important for a stable climate.

This is hydrogen made using clean electricity. Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using power from solar or wind energy. Because no fossil fuels are used, it creates very little pollution. Green hydrogen can be used in factories, transport, and energy storage. It is useful where direct electricity is hard to use. Its availability depends on clean power supply.

These are natural or planted areas in cities and towns. Parks, gardens, trees, and open fields are green spaces. They help cool cities and improve air quality. Green spaces also support mental health and recreation. They reduce heat and flooding risks.

This is a widely used set of rules for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. It helps companies, cities, and governments understand how much pollution they cause. Emissions are grouped into different categories based on where they come from, such as direct fuel use or electricity use. Using the same rules makes reports easier to compare. The protocol supports clear and honest climate reporting. It is used around the world.

This happens when a company or product appears more environmentally friendly than it really is. Claims may be vague, exaggerated, or not backed by proof. Greenwashing can mislead people who want to make better choices. It reduces trust in real climate action. Clear rules and honest reporting help prevent it. Consumers and regulators play a role in spotting greenwashing.

This shows how hot it actually feels when both temperature and humidity are considered. High humidity makes the body feel hotter because sweat does not dry easily. The heat index helps explain why some hot days feel more dangerous than others. It is used to warn people about heat stress. Higher heat index values increase health risks. It is important during heatwaves.

This describes areas in cities that are hotter than nearby rural areas. Buildings, roads, and concrete absorb and trap heat during the day. A lack of trees and green spaces makes the problem worse. Heat islands increase discomfort and health risks during hot weather. They also raise energy use for cooling. More trees and green spaces can reduce this effect.

This is a cool, safe place for people during extreme heat. Heat shelters may include community centres, schools, or halls. They help prevent heat illness and deaths. Access to water and shade is important. Cities use them during heatwaves.

This happens when the body cannot cool itself properly in very hot conditions. High heat and humidity make it harder for sweat to cool the body. Heat stress can cause dizziness, tiredness, and serious illness. It is dangerous for outdoor workers, elderly people, and children. Heat stress becomes more common during heatwaves. Simple steps like shade and water can reduce risk.

his is a period of unusually high temperatures lasting several days or more. Heatwaves can affect health, water supply, and electricity use. They increase the risk of heat stress and heat-related illness. Cities often feel heatwaves more strongly due to buildings and roads. Climate change is making heatwaves more frequent and intense. Planning and early warnings help reduce harm.

This is the natural movement of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface. Water evaporates from rivers, lakes, and oceans, forms clouds, and falls back as rain or snow. It then flows through rivers or soaks into the ground. This cycle keeps water moving and available for life. Climate change can disturb the timing and amount of rainfall in this cycle. Healthy ecosystems help keep the cycle balanced.

This is electricity made using the movement of water. Flowing or falling water turns turbines to produce power. Dams and rivers are common sources for hydropower. It is a renewable energy source with low air pollution. However, large dams can affect rivers and nearby communities. Careful planning is important.

This refers to ice turning into water because of rising temperatures. It happens in glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, and snow-covered areas. Ice melt adds water to rivers and oceans, raising sea levels. It also reduces the Earth’s ability to reflect sunlight, which increases warming. Faster ice melt is a clear sign of a warming climate. It affects water supply and coastal safety.

This is a very large area of thick ice that covers land. Ice sheets are much bigger than glaciers and can stretch over thousands of kilometres. Today, they are mainly found in Greenland and Antarctica. Ice sheets store huge amounts of fresh water. When they melt, sea levels rise around the world. Warming temperatures are causing ice sheets to lose ice faster.

This is a fast-moving band of wind high up in the sky. It flows around the Earth and affects weather patterns. The jet stream helps guide storms, rainfall, and temperature changes. When it shifts or weakens, weather can become more extreme or stuck in one place. Climate change is affecting how the jet stream behaves. This can lead to longer heatwaves or heavy rains.

This means shifting to a cleaner economy in a fair and inclusive way. It focuses on protecting workers and communities affected by changes away from fossil fuels. Support like new jobs, training, and social protection is important. The goal is to reduce pollution without increasing inequality. A just transition puts people at the centre of climate action. Fair planning helps everyone benefit from change.

This is a long-term record that shows how carbon dioxide levels in the air have changed over time. The line keeps rising, showing that CO₂ in the atmosphere is increasing. It is based on regular measurements taken at the same location for many years. The curve also shows small up-and-down changes each year due to seasons. It provides clear evidence of human impact on the climate. The record was started by Charles David Keeling.

This was an international climate agreement before the Paris Agreement. It set emission reduction targets mainly for richer countries. The focus was on legally binding commitments. Developing countries did not have reduction targets under it. The agreement played an important early role in climate action. It was adopted in 1997.

This is a natural climate pattern linked to cooler ocean waters in the Pacific Ocean. It is the opposite phase of El Niño. La Niña can change weather around the world, often bringing more rain to some regions and drier conditions to others. It can affect farming, water supply, and temperatures. These events usually last several months. Climate change may make their impacts stronger.

This covers how land is used and how changes to land affect the climate. It includes forests, farms, grasslands, and wetlands. Cutting trees, planting crops, or restoring forests all change how much carbon is stored in land. Some land uses release carbon, while others absorb it. LULUCF is important in climate plans because land can both cause and reduce emissions. Good land management can support climate goals.

This is an official approval given by a government for a climate project under Article 6. It confirms that the country agrees to take part in cooperation with another country. The letter clearly states who can claim the emission reduction. This helps avoid double counting of the same climate benefit. It is an important step for trust and transparency. Such letters are used under the rules of the Paris Agreement.

This is a method used to measure the environmental impact of a product or service from start to finish. It looks at raw materials, production, transport, use, and disposal. LCA helps show where most pollution or resource use happens. It is often used to compare different products. This method supports better design and cleaner choices. Clear data makes results more useful.

This refers to a situation where systems are stuck using polluting energy or technology. Long-lasting buildings, power plants, or roads can keep emissions high for many years. Once built, they are hard or costly to change. This makes it difficult to switch to cleaner options later. Carbon lock-in slows climate action. Early planning can help avoid it.

This is a plan that looks far into the future to guide climate action. It usually covers several decades and sets clear goals for cutting emissions. A long-term strategy helps countries plan energy, transport, and development choices. It shows how short-term actions connect to future targets. LTS supports steady and predictable change. It helps avoid sudden or risky decisions later.

This happens when actions taken to deal with climate change end up causing more harm. Some solutions may protect one group but increase risk for others. For example, building walls against floods can push water into nearby areas. Maladaptation often happens when long-term effects are not considered. It can increase inequality and future climate risk. Careful planning helps avoid it.

This refers to a period when ocean water becomes much warmer than usual. These events can last for days or even months. Marine heatwaves harm coral reefs, fish, and ocean ecosystems. They can affect fishing and food supply. Climate change is making them more frequent and intense. Warmer oceans also affect weather patterns.

This is a gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. It comes from sources like livestock, waste dumps, rice farming, and oil and gas production. Methane stays in the air for a shorter time than carbon dioxide. However, it causes much stronger warming while it lasts. Cutting methane can slow warming quickly. It is an important climate target.

This refers to methane gas released into the air. Emissions come from farming, waste, energy systems, and natural sources. Leaks from gas pipelines are a major cause. Methane emissions increase global warming rapidly. Reducing leaks and better waste management can lower emissions. Action on methane brings fast climate benefits.

This means actions taken to reduce climate change. It focuses on cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Using clean energy, saving energy, and protecting forests are examples. Mitigation aims to slow global warming. It works alongside adaptation, which deals with impacts. Strong mitigation reduces future climate damage.

This is a seasonal weather pattern that brings heavy rainfall. It is driven by changes in wind and temperature. Monsoons are vital for farming and water supply in many regions. Too little rain can cause drought, while too much can cause floods. Climate change is making monsoon patterns less predictable. This affects food and livelihoods.

This is a system used to track climate action accurately. Measurement looks at how much pollution is produced or reduced. Reporting means sharing this information openly. Verification checks whether the data is correct. MRV helps build trust in climate plans. It ensures countries and companies are accountable.

This is a plan made by a country to deal with climate impacts. It focuses on reducing harm from heat, floods, droughts, and other risks. The plan looks at long-term needs, not just emergencies. It often covers areas like health, water, farming, and cities. NAPs help governments prepare people and systems for future climate impacts. They are especially important for vulnerable countries.

This is a country’s climate promise under the global climate agreement. It shows how much a country plans to cut emissions and take climate action. Each country decides its own targets based on its situation. NDCs are updated every few years to become stronger. They also include plans for adaptation in many cases. NDCs help track global progress on climate action.

This refers to nature’s resources that support life and the economy. Forests, rivers, soil, oceans, and clean air are all forms of natural capital. These resources provide food, water, and protection from disasters. When natural capital is damaged, people and economies suffer. Protecting nature helps maintain long-term well-being. It also supports climate resilience.

These are actions that use nature to address climate and environmental problems. Examples include restoring forests, wetlands, and mangroves. Such solutions help reduce flooding, heat, and pollution. They also support wildlife and local livelihoods. Nature-based Solutions often cost less and bring multiple benefits. They work best when local communities are involved.

This is a system that lets people with solar panels send extra electricity back to the power grid. When more power is produced than used, the meter runs backward. Users get credit for the extra electricity they supply. This helps lower electricity bills. Net metering encourages the use of clean energy. It supports small-scale solar power.

This means removing more greenhouse gases from the air than are released. It goes beyond simply reducing emissions to zero. Net-negative emissions require cutting pollution and actively removing carbon. Trees, soil, and technology can help remove carbon. This approach is needed to reduce existing pollution. It helps lower overall warming.

This means balancing the amount of greenhouse gases released with the amount removed. Emissions are reduced as much as possible, and the rest are balanced through removal. Net-zero does not mean no emissions at all. It focuses on the final balance. Many countries and companies have set net-zero targets. Reaching it is key to limiting global warming.

This happens when oceans absorb too much carbon dioxide from the air. The water becomes more acidic over time. This makes it harder for corals, shellfish, and some sea life to survive. Ocean acidification can weaken coral reefs and affect fish populations. It also impacts people who depend on the ocean for food and jobs. Climate change is the main cause.

This refers to the increase in ocean temperatures over time. Oceans absorb most of the extra heat caused by global warming. Warmer oceans affect coral reefs, fish, and ocean ecosystems. Ocean warming also makes storms stronger and raises sea levels. It can disrupt fishing and coastal livelihoods. The changes happen slowly but have long-lasting effects.

This means using more resources than are really needed. It includes excess use of energy, water, food, or goods. Overconsumption increases waste and pollution. It puts pressure on nature and climate systems. Reducing unnecessary use helps the planet.

This describes a situation where global temperatures rise beyond a chosen limit. Even if temperatures are later brought down, damage may already have occurred. Some impacts, like ice loss or coral death, may not fully recover. Overshoot increases climate risks and uncertainty. It shows why early and strong action is important. Avoiding overshoot reduces long-term harm.

This is a global climate agreement signed by countries around the world. It aims to limit global warming and reduce climate risks. Countries agree to cut emissions and support climate action. The agreement also focuses on helping vulnerable countries adapt to climate impacts. Progress is reviewed regularly to encourage stronger action. It was adopted in 2015 under the UN climate process.

This refers to very tiny particles in the air that are harmful to health. PM2.5 particles are so small they can enter the lungs and bloodstream. They come from sources like vehicle smoke, burning fuel, and dust. High levels of PM2.5 can cause breathing and heart problems. Air pollution monitoring often focuses on PM2.5. Reducing it improves public health.

This shows the average emissions produced by one person in a country. Total emissions are divided by the population to calculate this. It helps compare climate impact between countries of different sizes. Some countries have high per capita emissions even if their population is small. This measure is often used in climate fairness discussions. It highlights unequal responsibility.

This refers to ground that stays frozen for many years. It is found mainly in cold regions like the Arctic. Permafrost holds large amounts of carbon in soil and plants. When it melts, this carbon is released into the air. Melting also damages buildings and roads. Warming temperatures are causing permafrost to thaw.

This refers to how long a carbon reduction or removal lasts. For carbon credits, it means the stored carbon should stay out of the air for a long time. If forests burn or are cut, stored carbon can be released again. Poor permanence weakens climate benefits. Strong rules are needed to ensure lasting impact. It is a key quality concern in carbon markets.

This means moving people in an organised and planned way to safer areas. It is used when places become unsafe due to floods, sea level rise, or erosion. Communities are consulted before relocation happens. Planned relocation aims to protect lives and livelihoods. It is different from forced displacement. Fair planning is essential.

This is a contract to buy electricity at a fixed price for a long period. It is often used for renewable energy projects like solar or wind. The agreement gives energy producers financial security. Buyers get stable and predictable power costs. PPAs help encourage clean energy investment. They are common in large projects.

This refers to the main negative effects a company or investment can have on people and the environment. These impacts can include pollution, harm to workers, or damage to ecosystems. Investors use PAI to understand risks linked to their investments. Reporting helps improve responsibility and transparency. It supports better decision-making. Addressing PAI is part of responsible finance.

This measures the total emissions linked to a product. It includes emissions from making, transporting, using, and disposing of the product. PCF helps compare products based on climate impact. Companies use it to improve design and reduce emissions. Clear measurement supports informed choices. It is often shown on labels or reports.

This happens when saving energy in one place leads to more use in another. For example, people may use appliances more because they feel they are efficient. This can reduce or cancel out expected energy savings. The rebound effect shows that technology alone is not enough. Behaviour and awareness also matter. Good planning helps limit this effect.

This means planting trees again in areas where forests were cut down. It helps restore damaged land and wildlife habitats. Reforestation also absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. It can improve soil, water quality, and local climate. Well-planned projects involve local communities. Poor planning can cause harm.

This refers to farming methods that improve soil health over time. It focuses on restoring land instead of damaging it. Practices include protecting soil, reducing chemicals, and growing diverse crops. Regenerative agriculture can store more carbon in the soil. It also helps farms handle droughts and floods better. Long-term benefits include healthier food systems.

This describes sea level change compared to the land at a specific place. Sea level can rise because oceans are warming or land is sinking. Some coastal areas see higher relative sea level rise than others. This affects flooding and erosion risks. Local conditions matter more than global averages. It helps explain why impacts differ by location.

This is a gas fuel made from organic waste. Sources include animal waste, food waste, and landfill gas. The gas is cleaned and used like natural gas. Using waste helps reduce pollution from methane leaks. The climate benefit depends on how it is produced and used. It is not the same as fossil gas.

This refers to emissions that remain after all possible reductions are made. Some industries cannot fully eliminate pollution with current technology. Residual emissions are often balanced using carbon removal. They are discussed in net-zero plans. Reducing them as much as possible is important. Clear limits help avoid over-reliance on offsets.

This describes the ability to handle and recover from climate shocks. Communities with resilience can prepare for floods, heat, or storms. Strong services, planning, and social support increase resilience. It reduces damage and speeds recovery. Resilience is important for people, systems, and nature. It grows over time with investment.

This is funding given after results are achieved. Money is released only when agreed outcomes are proven. It is often used in climate and development projects. RBF encourages better performance and accountability. Clear measurement is needed for it to work. It helps fund effective action.

This refers to homes built to protect people from harm. Safety includes protection from floods, heat, storms, and earthquakes. Good housing uses strong materials and proper design. Safe housing reduces climate risk. It is especially important for vulnerable communities.

This is a group that helps companies set environmental targets based on science. It focuses on nature issues like climate, water, land, and biodiversity. The targets are meant to match what the planet actually needs, not just what is easy. SBTN builds on climate target work and expands it to nature. Clear guidance helps companies take real action. The network is linked to global science-based efforts.

These are emissions that come directly from a company’s own activities. They include fuel burned on-site or in company-owned vehicles. Because they are under direct control, they are easier to track. Reducing Scope 1 emissions often involves cleaner fuels and better efficiency. They are a core part of emissions reporting. Cutting them shows direct action.

These are emissions from the electricity, heating, or cooling a company buys. Even though the pollution happens elsewhere, it is linked to energy use. Using renewable electricity can reduce these emissions. Scope 2 emissions depend on how power is generated. Tracking them helps improve energy choices. Many companies focus on clean power to cut Scope 2 emissions.

These include emissions linked to activities a company does not directly control. They come from supply chains, transport, product use, and waste. For many companies, Scope 3 is the largest share of emissions. They are harder to measure and reduce. Working with suppliers and customers helps address them. Including Scope 3 gives a fuller picture of impact.

This refers to the increase in ocean levels over time. It happens because water expands as it warms and ice melts into the sea. Rising seas increase flooding and erosion in coastal areas. Homes, roads, and drinking water can be affected. Sea level rise threatens small islands and low-lying cities. Climate change is the main driver.

This means how warm the top layer of the ocean is. It affects weather, storms, and marine life. Warmer sea surface temperatures can make storms stronger. They also stress coral reefs and fish. Scientists track it to understand climate change. Rising temperatures are a warning sign.

These are climate changes that happen gradually over time. Examples include sea level rise, desertification, and melting glaciers. Damage builds slowly rather than all at once. Slow-onset events can be harder to notice at first. They still cause serious long-term harm. Planning ahead is important to deal with them.

This is a technology that turns sunlight into electricity. Solar panels use photovoltaic cells to produce power. Solar PV can be installed on rooftops or in large fields. It produces electricity without air pollution. Costs have fallen in many places. Solar PV is a key clean energy source.

This is a sudden rise in sea level caused by strong storms. High winds push seawater toward the coast. Storm surge can flood homes and roads very quickly. It is especially dangerous during cyclones and hurricanes. Climate change can make storm surge more damaging. Coastal warnings help reduce risk.

This is rainwater that flows over land instead of soaking into the ground. It often happens in cities with roads and concrete. Stormwater runoff can cause flooding and carry pollution into rivers. Heavy rainfall increases this problem. Better drainage and green spaces help reduce runoff. Managing it improves city safety.

This means meeting today’s needs without harming the future. It balances care for the environment, people, and the economy. Using resources wisely is central to sustainability. Long-term thinking is more important than short-term gain. It applies to daily life, businesses, and governments.

This is a bond where the interest rate depends on sustainability performance. If targets are met, borrowing costs may go down. If targets are missed, costs can go up. The money can be used for general purposes. SLBs encourage better environmental or social action. Clear targets are essential.

These are guidelines for issuing sustainability-linked bonds. They explain how targets should be set and tracked. Transparency and clear reporting are key parts. The principles help prevent weak or misleading claims. Following them builds trust with investors. They support credible finance.

This means improving lives today without harming the future. It balances economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection. The idea is to meet current needs while protecting resources. Clean energy, education, and health are part of it. Climate action supports sustainable development. Long-term thinking is central.

This happens when water expands as it warms. As oceans absorb heat from global warming, the water takes up more space. This causes sea levels to rise even without ice melting. Thermal expansion is one of the main reasons for rising seas. It happens slowly but steadily. The effect adds up over time.

This is a tool used to measure sea level at the coast. It records how high or low the sea is over time. Tide gauges help track changes like sea level rise. They have been used for many decades in some locations. The data helps scientists understand long-term trends. Coastal planning often relies on this information.

This refers to money used to help shift from high pollution to cleaner systems. It supports industries that need time to change, such as energy or transport. The aim is to reduce emissions step by step. Transition finance helps avoid sudden economic disruption. Clear goals and timelines are important. It supports a fair move to a low-carbon future.

These are minerals needed for clean energy technologies. Examples include lithium, cobalt, and nickel. They are used in batteries, solar panels, and electric vehicles. Demand for these minerals is growing quickly. Mining them can cause environmental and social harm if not managed well. Responsible sourcing is important.

This is a plan that shows how an organisation or country will move to lower emissions. It sets steps, timelines, and targets for change. A good plan explains how actions today lead to long-term goals. It also considers workers, costs, and risks. Transition plans help track progress. Clear plans improve trust and accountability.

This refers to people who cannot move away from climate risks. Lack of money, jobs, or legal support can trap them in unsafe areas. Floods, heat, or drought may affect them repeatedly. Trapped populations often face the highest risks. Special support is needed to protect them. Planning must consider their needs.

This is a strong storm that forms over warm ocean waters. It brings heavy rain, strong winds, and flooding. Different regions use names like hurricane or typhoon. Tropical cyclones can damage homes, crops, and power systems. Warmer oceans can make them stronger. Early warnings help reduce harm.

This is a process that checks whether a carbon project meets required rules. Independent experts review the project design and claims. Validation happens before carbon credits are issued. It helps ensure the project can deliver real climate benefits. Strong validation improves trust in carbon markets. It is different from checking results later.

This means not having reliable access to safe and sufficient water. People may face shortages, poor quality, or high costs. Water insecurity affects health, food, and livelihoods. Climate change can make the problem worse. Floods and droughts both increase risks. Fair access to water is essential.

This is a process that checks whether a carbon project actually achieved its claimed results. Independent experts review data and evidence after the project is running. Verification happens before carbon credits are officially issued. It helps ensure reductions are real and accurate. Strong verification builds trust in carbon markets. It is different from project design checks.

This is a market where companies or individuals choose to buy carbon credits voluntarily. It is not required by law. Buyers use credits to balance some of their emissions. The market supports projects like clean energy or forest protection. Quality and honesty are important concerns. Clear rules help avoid misuse.

This means separating waste into different types before throwing it away. Common categories include wet waste, dry waste, and hazardous waste. Segregation helps recycling and safe disposal. It reduces landfill waste and pollution. Cities manage waste better when segregation is done at home.

This measures how much water is used to produce a product or service. It includes water used directly and indirectly. Food, clothing, and energy can have large water footprints. A higher footprint means more pressure on water resources. Knowing this helps reduce waste. It supports better water management.

This means not having reliable access to safe and sufficient water. People may face shortages, poor quality, or high costs. Water insecurity affects health, food, and livelihoods. Climate change can make the problem worse. Floods and droughts both increase risks. Fair access to water is essential.

This means not having reliable access to safe and sufficient water. People may face shortages, poor quality, or high costs. Water insecurity affects health, food, and livelihoods. Climate change can make the problem worse. Floods and droughts both increase risks. Fair access to water is essential.

This happens when water demand is higher than available supply. Rivers, lakes, or groundwater may not meet people’s needs. Water stress can affect cities, farms, and industries. It increases conflict and health risks. Climate change and overuse add pressure. Saving water helps reduce stress.

This means improving buildings so they use less energy and stay comfortable. It includes sealing leaks, adding insulation, and improving windows. Weatherization keeps homes cooler in summer and warmer in winter. It lowers energy bills and pollution. It is especially helpful for low-income households. Simple fixes can make a big difference.

This measures total emissions from a vehicle’s fuel use. It includes emissions from fuel production and from driving the vehicle. Well-to-wheel shows the full climate impact of transport. It helps compare petrol, diesel, and electric vehicles. Some fuels look cleaner only when the full chain is considered. WTW gives a complete picture.

This is an uncontrolled fire that spreads across forests or grasslands. Wildfires can start naturally or through human activity. They destroy homes, wildlife, and air quality. Smoke from wildfires is harmful to health. Hotter and drier conditions increase wildfire risk. Climate change is making wildfires more frequent.

This is electricity made using the force of wind. Wind turns blades that generate power. It produces energy without air pollution. Wind power can be built on land or offshore. It is a renewable energy source. It helps reduce emissions from electricity.

This refers to the difference between how much crops could grow and how much they actually grow. Poor soil, lack of water, or limited support can widen the gap. Climate change can increase yield gaps through heat and drought. Closing the gap can improve food supply. Better farming practices help. It is important for food security.

This is an approach that aims to send no waste to landfills or burning. It focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling materials. Products are designed to last longer and be reused. Zero waste reduces pollution and resource use. It changes how people produce and consume goods. The goal is less waste overall.

This refers to a vehicle that produces no pollution from its tailpipe. Electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are examples. ZEVs improve air quality in cities. Their climate impact depends on how electricity or fuel is produced. They are key to cleaner transport systems. Many countries promote their use.